Physique · Orbites à trois corps

Pourquoi trois corps en orbite se répètent rarement

La règle

Trois masses égales, rien que la gravité. Presque toutes les orbites se disloquent ; quelques rares se répètent à l’infini.

Lecture depuis YouTube après un clic.

Pourquoi ça marche

Deux corps soumis à la gravité tournent l’un autour de l’autre sur la même ellipse, pour toujours. Ajoute un troisième de même masse et presque chaque départ finit en enchevêtrement, le plus souvent avec un corps éjecté. Pourtant, quelques rares départs se referment sur eux-mêmes et se répètent, comme le huit.

aᵢ = G · Σⱼ≠ᵢ mⱼ · (rⱼ − rᵢ) ÷ |rⱼ − rᵢ|³pour le huit : trois masses égales, moment cinétique nul

Construis-le toi-même

Python 3 · numpy · matplotlib

Le huit à partir de ses valeurs de départ publiées, trois périodes en petits pas de la méthode saute-mouton (leapfrog).

three-body-orbits.py
"""Three bodies: the figure-eight orbit, from the starting values computed by Carles Simo
(in Chenciner and Montgomery, 2000). G = 1, three masses of 1.
Run: python three-body-orbits.py   (needs: pip install numpy matplotlib)
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.style.use("dark_background")

x1 = np.array([0.97000436, -0.24308753])
V = np.array([-0.93240737, -0.86473146])  # the velocity of body 3
pos = np.array([x1, -x1, [0.0, 0.0]])
vel = np.array([-V / 2, -V / 2, V])
period, dt = 6.32591398, 0.0005
turn = 0  # degrees to turn the first velocity by (the film breaks the eight with 15)

a = np.radians(turn)
vel[0] = [vel[0, 0] * np.cos(a) - vel[0, 1] * np.sin(a), vel[0, 0] * np.sin(a) + vel[0, 1] * np.cos(a)]


def pull(p):
    """Each body's acceleration: the sum of the other two's gravity, G*m / r**2 towards each"""
    acc = np.zeros_like(p)
    for i in range(3):
        for j in range(3):
            if i != j:
                d = p[j] - p[i]
                acc[i] += d / np.linalg.norm(d) ** 3
    return acc


track = []
acc = pull(pos)
for _ in range(int(3 * period / dt)):  # three periods, leapfrog steps (they keep the energy well)
    vel += acc * dt / 2
    pos += vel * dt
    acc = pull(pos)
    vel += acc * dt / 2
    track.append(pos.copy())
track = np.array(track)

colours = ["#5eead4", "#f0abfc", "#f5c76b"]
plt.figure(figsize=(7, 4))
for body in range(3):  # all three run along the same track, a third of a period apart
    plt.plot(track[:, body, 0], track[:, body, 1], color=colours[body], linewidth=1)
plt.scatter(track[-1, :, 0], track[-1, :, 1], c=colours, s=80, zorder=3)
plt.axis("equal")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

# Try: turn = 15 -> the three tracks no longer close; the eight falls apart

Essaie : Mets turn = 15, comme dans le film : les trois trajectoires ne se referment plus.

Apprends ce script ligne par ligne, avec des exercices et un quiz → · lance-le dans Google Colab (en anglais) →

Les maths, telles que le film les raconte

Lire les notes du film (de YouTube, en anglais)

Three equal masses pull on each other with nothing but Newton's gravity. For two bodies the motion is an ellipse, forever; for three there is no formula at all, and almost every start ends in a tangle — one body is usually flung away. Yet a handful of starting conditions close on themselves exactly.

The first act is the figure-eight, found numerically by Cris Moore in 1993 and proved to exist by Chenciner and Montgomery in 2000: three bodies chasing each other around one figure-eight track, always equally spaced in time. Then one body's velocity is nudged by 15 degrees. Nothing else changes, but the orbit is unstable to that nudge, so within seconds the ballet becomes chaos — and that is the normal state of three bodies.

From the chaos the film gathers them into two more of the periodic solutions catalogued by Šuvakov and Dmitrašinović in 2013, the "moth" and the "yin-yang", each broken again by the same nudge, before the figure-eight returns. Everything is integrated with an adaptive 8th-order method at relative tolerance 1e-9; the periodic orbits were checked to return to their starting state to about one part in a thousand after one period. The small white dot is the centre of mass — it never moves, because the total momentum is zero.

D’après la description de Three Bodies, Pure Gravity (en anglais).

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