7강: 시간을 한 걸음씩

"""A ball under gravity in a ring with a gap that spins; the bounces are elastic and without friction.
Run: python spinning-ring.py   (needs: pip install numpy matplotlib)
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.style.use("dark_background")

R, ball, g = 1.0, 0.05, 9.81  # ring radius (m), ball radius, gravity
gap, spin = np.radians(18), 2 * np.pi / 4  # an 18 degree gap, one turn every 4 seconds
p, v = np.array([0.3, 0.2]), np.array([1.8, 0.7])
dt, t, track = 0.0005, 0.0, []

while t < 60:
    v[1] -= g * dt
    p = p + v * dt
    t += dt
    track.append(p.copy())
    r = np.linalg.norm(p)
    if r > R - ball:  # the ball touches the wall, or is at the gap
        angle = np.arctan2(p[1], p[0])
        centre = -np.pi / 2 + spin * t  # where the gap is now
        off = abs((angle - centre + np.pi) % (2 * np.pi) - np.pi)
        if off < gap / 2 - ball / R:  # all of the ball fits through: out
            break
        normal = p / r
        v = v - 2 * np.dot(v, normal) * normal  # the bounce: the spin plays no part in it
        p = normal * (R - ball)

track = np.array(track)
print(f"escaped after {t:.1f} s" if t < 60 else "still inside after 60 s")
plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
plt.plot(track[:, 0], track[:, 1], color="#5eead4", linewidth=0.4)
plt.gca().add_patch(plt.Circle((0, 0), R, fill=False, color="white"))
plt.axis("equal")
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

# Try: spin = 0 and centre = -np.pi / 2 (a still gap at the bottom): the bounces stay the same